The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019: Popular Information

INTRODUCTION

In the last blog, I introduced popular information about physics in 2019, in this blog, I'm going to write about popular information about physics in 2019. This is the link to what I want to write https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/popular-physicsprize2019-2.pdf

The title of the Nobel Prize in physics in 2019 is "New perspectives on our place in the universe". James Peebles won the Nobel Prize for his contributions to the modern main theoretical cosmology frame in the 1960s to 1980s and the others Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz won the Nobel Prize for their contributions to discoveries exoplanets that are planets out of our solar system.

Cosmology in the first half of the 19th century

In the last blog, I wrote the Einstein equation which Einstein made in the general theory of relativity, when Einstein made this equation, the equation says that the universe can expand but in one of his principles, the universe should be stationary and eternal, so he added a constant called the cosmological constant to this equation in order not to expand the universe. Not only Einstein but also a lot of people have the same opinion that the universe is still and this idea didn't come from any pieces of evidence but came from their beliefs. However,  Over a decade later after Einstein added a cosmological constant to the equation, the universe’s expansion had been observed. Since the universe’s expansion had been observed, some people start thinking about the beginning of the universe.

JAMES PEEBLES's Achievements

In the mid-20th century, the birth of the universe is named Big Ban, JAMES PEEBLES predict omnipresent background radiation theoretically. omnipresent background radiation is a characteristic electromagnetic wave that wavelength is near radio waves. This electromagnetic wave lets us know much information about the universe. Moreover, he has many contributions to modern Cosmology. For example, Dark Matter and Dark Energy which many people might have heard were proposed by him. I will explain Dark Matter a little. When the researchers want to estimate planets' mass, galaxy mass, and so on, there are two ways to do this. One measurement is to observe electromagnetic waves, and the other is to use the law of gravity. When someone measured the galaxy in two ways, he discovered that the mass of use the law of gravity is several times larger than observe electromagnetic waves. that is, there are any kinds of matter that can't see and have mass. this unknown matter was named Dark Matter. Finally, the Percentage of components of the universe is about 5% is Ordinary Matter, 26% is Dark Matter and 69% is Dark Energy.

MICHEL MAYOR and DIDIER QUELOZ's Achievements

A fixed star is a planet that shines itself so we can easily find it using ordinary telescopes but it is hard to find an exoplanet because planets don't shine themselves. MICHEL MAYOR and DIDIER QUELOZ found an exoplanet to use the way of the radial velocity method; it measures the movement of the host star as it is affected by the gravity of its planet.